【including和included的区别】在英语学习中,"including" 和 "included" 是两个常被混淆的词,它们虽然都与“包括”有关,但用法和语法功能却有所不同。为了帮助大家更清晰地理解这两个词的区别,以下将从定义、用法、例句以及对比表格等方面进行详细说明。
一、基本定义
- including 是一个动名词(现在分词),通常用于表示“包含”或“包括”的动作,常作介词使用。
- included 是过去分词,通常用于被动语态或作为形容词,表示“被包括进来的”。
二、用法对比
| 项目 | including | included |
| 词性 | 动名词/现在分词 | 过去分词 |
| 语法功能 | 作介词使用,引导短语 | 作形容词或被动语态的一部分 |
| 主动/被动 | 表示主动包含 | 表示被动包含或状态 |
| 常见结构 | 介词 + including + 名词 | 形容词或被动语态 |
三、典型用法举例
1. including 的用法:
- 作为介词使用,引导一个包含的
- The package includes a free gift, including a book and a pen.
- She has visited many countries, including France and Italy.
- 作为现在分词,修饰前面的名词:
- The list of participants including the president was published.
2. included 的用法:
- 作为形容词,表示“被包括在内的”:
- All the items included in the price are listed here.
- The fee covers all meals, included breakfast and dinner.
- 作为被动语态的一部分:
- The students included in the study were from different backgrounds.
- The report included several charts and graphs.
四、常见错误与注意事项
- 不要混淆主谓一致:
- 正确:The list including the names is ready.
- 错误:The list including the names are ready.
- 注意语境:
- 如果是强调“被包含”,使用 included;
- 如果是强调“包含的动作或内容”,使用 including。
五、总结
| 项目 | including | included |
| 含义 | 包含、包括(主动) | 被包括、已包括(被动) |
| 词性 | 介词 / 现在分词 | 过去分词 / 形容词 |
| 用法 | 引导包含的内容 | 描述被包含的状态或被动动作 |
| 例句 | The package including a book. | The book included in the package. |
通过以上对比可以看出,including 更偏向于主动描述“包含的内容”,而 included 则更多用于被动或状态描述。掌握这两个词的细微差别,有助于提升英语表达的准确性与自然度。


